Classification and Tabulation of Data in Statistics

Classification and Tabulation of Data

Q.1 What does Classification mean? Give Classification aims and fundamentals of an excellent classification.

Classification is the process of organising data into various groups, classes, and sub-classes based on some common characteristics and dividing it into distinct but related parts.

Classification's primary goals are as follows: -

                    i. To make data more accessible and precise

                   ii. To promote comparison

                   iii. The cause-and-effect link is shown by classified facts.

                   iv. Arrange the data in an orderly and methodical manner.

                    v. The data can only be displayed in suitable tabular form.

The following are the essentials of an ideal classification: -

            i. Classification should be so comprehensive and thorough that every individual unit is classified in one of two ways.

                       ii. Classification should be appropriate for the investigation's aims.

                     iii. The categorization foundation should be stable so that comparisons may be made.

                     iv. The facts should be organised properly and methodically.

                      v. Data should be categorised based on homogeneity.

                   vi. It should be mathematically correct.

 

Q.2 What is the meaning of Manifold Classification?

Manifold classification occurs when data is categorised into more than two classes based on more than one characteristic.

Q3. What exactly are Class Limits?

Class limits refer to the two values that define a class. Lower limit (L1) refers to the first or smaller one, and upper limit (L2) refers to the larger one (L2)

Q4. How many different types of Series are there based on Quantitative Classification? Explain the distinction between Exclusive and Inclusive Series.

Frequency distributions are classified into three types:

                    i.  Individual Series: In an individual series, each item or value appears only once. For example, marks earned by 10 students in a class are written individually.

             ii. Discrete Series: A discrete series is one in which the individual values differ by a distinct amount.

As an example: Wage per day 5–10–15–20

Number of employees:               6–9–8–5

                 iii. Continuous Series: When the number of items is kept within the bounds of the class, the series formed by classifying such data is known as a continuous series.

As an example: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40

No. of students    10       18      22      25

What is the distinction between Exclusive and Inclusive Series?

Q5. What is the definition of Bivariate Frequency Distribution?

A bivariate frequency distribution is one that results from the simultaneous categorization of data based on two criteria.

Q6. Can you provide the Sturges Formula for calculating the Magnitude of Classes?

The following formula, developed by Prof. A. H. Sturges, can be used to calculate class intervals.

           Where –

           I = class interval

           N = No. of observations

           L = Largest value

           S = Smallest value

Q7. Describe Tabulation. Describe the goals of tabulation and the various types of tables.

"Tabulation in its widest meaning is an orderly organisation of data in columns and rows," writes Blair.

Tabulation is the process of displaying gathered and categorised data in columns and rows in a suitable order and systematic manner so that it can be readily compared, and its properties can be clarified.

Tabulation Objects:

                     i. Data should be presented in an orderly and systematic manner.

                     ii. Making data exact and consistent.

                    iii. To make comparison easier.

                    iv. To make the situation apparent and obvious.

                     v. To make data analysis and interpretation easier.

Q.8 What are the essential components of a good table?

The number of pieces is determined mostly by the nature of the data.

A table, on the other hand, should include the following components.

                    i. Table No.: Each table should be numbered so that it may be identified by that number.

                    ii. Title: Each table must have a proper title that is brief, clear, and full.

                 iii. Captions: A caption is a column heading that describes what the column represents.

                   iv. Stubs: Stubs are the row or row header identifiers.

                   v.  Body: This is the table's heart. The numerical data is contained in the table's body.

              vi.  Ruling and Spacing: Ruling and leaving space relies on the topic's demands and makes the table nice and elegant.

                 vii.  Footnotes: Explanatory remarks may be provided at the end of the table to explain the figures reported in the table.

         viii. Source: The source or origin of the presented data is stated at the end of the table.